Over the ages, sculptors have sought materials that can withstand the elements and last for generations. The use of stainless steel in New York City’s 1930s buildings inspires sculptors even today. Isamu Noguchi convinced the Associated Press to approve the use of stainless steel instead of bronze for his famous sculpture News – an Art Deco plaque depicting five journalists ‘getting a scoop.’ It has been installed above the entrance of 50 Rockefeller Plaza since 1940. This famous 9.1-ton relief, 6.7 m (22 ft.) high by 5.2 m (17 ft.) wide, was the world’s first large cast stainless steel sculpture.



News Sculpture, Photo credit Catherine Houska, TMR Consulting

However, the Type 302 (equivalent to today’s 304) stainless steel must be regularly cleaned and clear-coated to protect it, because it would stain otherwise. More corrosion-resistant stainless steels were not available at the time.  The introduction of deicing salt has made the coastal city even more corrosive to materials.  Unfortunately, coating failure between applications detracts from the appearance as can be seen in the image. Therefore, Type 316/316L or the even more corrosion-resistant 2205 duplex stainless steel have been used for more recent New York area buildings, sculptures and monuments. Examples include the New Jersey “The Empty Sky”, US national (New York) and Pentagon 9/11 Memorials.  These more resistant alloys protect against corrosion and minimize maintenance requirements.



Jean Sibelius Monument, Photo credit Catherine Houska, TMR Consulting

One of Helsinki’s most important landmarks, the Jean Sibelius monument designed by Finnish artist Eila Hiltunen, honors the composer and violinist. Unveiled in 1967, its 600 hand-textured silvery tubes of various diameters reflect the changing seasons and resonate with the wind, echoing bird song. Since this is a coastal city, Type 316 stainless steel was selected and it has performed beautifully. The tubes are up to 8.5 m [28 ft.] in length and the sculpture weighs 24 tonnes. A smaller version of the sculpture can be found at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) headquarters in Paris.

Stainless steel’s history of exceptional long-term performance and low maintenance has made it a preferred material for sculptures. Some recent examples include:

• Dublin’s Monument of Light (2003, coastal location) – a 121.2 m [398-ft.] Type 316L stainless steel spire;
• Chicago’s bean-shaped Type 316L Cloud Gate (2004, deicing salt)
• London’s 52 cast Type 316 pillars for the 7 July 2005 Bombings Memorial (2009)
• Washington’s U.S. Air Force Memorial (2006, deicing salt) with three curving Type 316L spires up to 82 m [270 ft.] in height;
• Mongolia’s stainless steel-wrapped 40-m [131-ft.] tall sculpture of Genghis Khan on horseback (2008);
• Brisbane, Australia’s 23 m [75.5-ft.] Venus Rising sculpture (2012, coastal), both Type 316 and 2205 duplex stainless steel, and
• Scotland’s Kelpies sculpture (2013, coastal), Type 316L, 30 m high horse heads

These and other more recent stainless steel designs capture the world’s imagination and will be appreciated for generations because of appropriate stainless steel selection.

Restoration
Stainless steel has also played an important role in the restoration of famous sculptures and monuments in functions ranging from hidden stone anchors and structural sections to more visible applications. The most famous examples are probably New York City’s Statue of Liberty and, in Brussels, the replacement of the Atomium’s deteriorating aluminum panels with Type 316 stainless steel.

Download a free Stainless Steel Library (zip file, 559 MB) with over 360 pdfs covering building and construction applications, selection, specification, fabrication, sustainability and other common questions.

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IMOA is an AIA continuing education system approved provider with eight 1-hour programs that are registered for both live face-to-face and distance learning credit.

1. Stainless Steel Sustainable Design
2. Bioclimatic Design With Stainless Steel Weather Screens
3. Stainless Steel Structural Design
4. Stainless Steel Specification For Corrosive Applications
5. Deicing Salt: Stainless Steel Selection to Avoid Corrosion
6. Stainless Steel Finish Specification
7. Advanced Stainless Steel Specification and Problem Avoidance
8. Specification of Stainless Steel Finishes and Grades For Corrosive Applications

For more information or to schedule a workshop contact Catherine Houska, 412-369-0377 or email chouska@tmr-inc.com.

IMOA (International Molybdenum Association) is a non-profit industry association, which provides technical information to assist with successful specification of molybdenum-containing materials. Molybdenum is an element. When it is added to stainless steel, molybdenum increases its resistance to corrosion caused by deicing salts, coastal atmosphere and pollution.

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In providing consultation or other assistance with respect to technical issues, any consultation, assistance or material is provided for the general information of the recipient and should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without first securing competent advice. IMOA and their respective employees, consultants and members (i) make no representation or warranty, express or implied, of any kind with regard to such consultation, assistance or material including no representation or warranty of  suitability for any general or specific use; (ii) assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection  therewith; and (iii) disclaim any and all liability for any claim that arises therefrom.